Below is a list of peer-reviewed literature on pasture-based dairy production, robotic milking, and related topics.  As new research becomes available additional articles will be added to the list, please check back periodically.

Robotic Milking

Jacobs, J. A. and J. M. Siegford.  2012.  Invited review: The impact of automatic milking systems on dairy cow management, behavior, health, and welfare.  Journal of Dairy Science 95:2227–2247.

Dohmen, W., F. Neijenhuis, and H. Hogeveen.  2010.  Relationship between udder health and hygiene on farms with an automatic milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 93:4019-4033.

Nixon, M., J. Bohmanova, J. Jamrozik, L.R. Schaeffer, K. Hand, and F. Miglior.  2009.  Genetic parameters of milking frequency and milk production traits in Canadian Holsteins milked by an automated milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 92:3422-3430.

Svennersten-Sjaunja, K.M. and G. Pettersson.  2008.  Pros and cons of automatic milking in Europe.  Journal of Animal Science 86:37-46.

Bijl, R., S.R. Kooistra, and H. Hogeveen.  2007.  The Profitability of Automatic Milking on Dutch Dairy Farms.  Journal of Dairy Science 90:239–248.

Speroni, M., G. Pirlo, and S. Lolli.  2006.  Effect of automatic milking systems on milk yield in a hot environment.  Journal of Dairy Science 89:4687-4693.

Dzidic, A., J. Macuhova, and R.M. Bruckmaier.  2004.  Effects of cleaning duration and water temperature on oxytocin release and milk removal in an automatic milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 87:4163-4169.

Engel, P.D. and J. Hyde.  2003.  A real options analysis of automatic milking systems.  Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 32(2):282-294.

Rotz, C.A., C.U. Coiner, and K.J. Soder.  2003.  Autmatic milking systems, farm size, and milk production.  Journal of Dairy Science 86(12):4167-4177.

Armstrong, D.V., and L.S. Daugherty.  1997.  Milking robots in large dairy farms.  Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:123-128.

Devir, S., E. Maltz, and J.H.M. Metz.  1997.  Strategic management planning and implementation at the milking robot dairy farm.   Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:95-110.

Dijkhuizen, A.A., R.B.M. Huirne, S.B. Harsh, and R.W. Gardner.  1997.  Economics of robot application.   Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:111-121.

Ipema, A.H.  1997.  Integration of robotic milking in dairy housing systems: review of cow traffic and milking capacity aspects.  Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:79-94.

Rossing, W. and P.H. Hogewerf.  1997.  State of the art of automatic milking systems.  Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:1-17.

Spahr, S.L. and E. Maltz.  1997.  Herd management for robot milking.  Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:53-62.

Robotic Milking - Cow Behavior

Jacobs, J.A., K. Ananyeva, and J. M. Siegford.  2012.  Dairy cow behavior affects the availability of an automatic milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 95:2186–2194.

Jacobs, J.A., and J.M. Siegford.  2012.  Lactating dairy cows adapt quickly to being milked by an automatic milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 95:1575–1584.

Halachmi, I., C.F. Børsting, E. Maltz, Y. Edan, M.R. Weisbjerg.  2011.  Feed intake of Holstein, Danish Red, and Jersey cows in automatic milking systems.  Livestock Science 138:56-61.

Jago, J., K. Kerrisk.  2011.  Training methods for introducing cows to a pasture-based automatic milking system.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 131:79-85.

Donohue, R.H., K.L. Kerrisk, S.C. Garcia, D.A. Dickeson, and P.C. Thomson. 2010.  Evaluation of two training programs aimed to improve early lactation performance of heifers in a pasture-based automated milking system.  Animal Production Science 50: 939-945.

Madsen, J., M.R. Weisbjerg, T. Hvelplund.  2010.  Concentrate composition for Automatic Milking Systems - Effect on milking frequency.  Livestock Science 127:45-50.

Bach, A., M. Devant, C. Igleasias, and A. Ferrer.  2009.  Forced traffic in automatic milking systems effectively reduces the need to get cows, but alters eating behavior and does not improve milk yield of dairy cattle.  Journal of Dairy Science 92:1272-1280.

Froberg, S. and L. Lidfors.  2009.  Behaviour of dairy calves suckling the dam in a barn with automatic milking or being fed milk substitute from an automatic feeder in a group pen.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 117:150-158.

Kaihilahti, J., A. Suokannas, and S. Raussi.  2007.  Observation of cow behaviour in an automatic milking system using web-based video recording technology.  Biosystems Engineering 96(1):91-97.

Rousing, T., I.A. Jakobsen, J. Hindhede, I.C. Klaas, M. Bonde and J.T. Sørensen.  2007.  Evaluation of a welfare indicator protocol for assessing animal welfare in AMS herds: researcher, production advisor and veterinary practitioner opinion.  Animal Welfare 16:213-216.

Melin, M., G.G.N. Hermans, G. Pettersson, and H, Wiktorsson.  2006.  Cow traffic in relation to social rank and motivation of cows in an automatic mlking system with control gates and an open waiting area.  Aplied Animal Behaviour Science 96:201-214.

Pastell, M., A.-M. Aisla, M. Hautala, V. Poikalainen, I. Veermae, and J. Ahokas.  2006.  Contactless measurement of cow behavior in a milking robot.  Behavior Research Methods 38(3):479-486.

Wredle, E., L. Munksgaard, and E. Sporndly.  2006.  Training cows to approach the milking unit in response to acoustic signals in an automatic milking system during the grazing season.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 101:27-39.

Melin, M., K. Svennersten-Sjaunja, and H. Wiktorsson.  2005.  Feeding patterns and performance of cows in controlled cow traffic in automatic milking systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 88:3913-3922.

Hermans, G.G.N., A.H. Ipema, J. Stefanowska, and J.H.M. Metz.  2003.  The effect of two traffic situations on the bahavior and performance of cows in an automatic milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:1997-2004.

Stefanowska, J., M. Plavsic, A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks.  2000.  The effect of ommited milking on the behaviour of cows in the context of cluster attachment failure during automatic milking.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 67:277-291.

Stefanowska, J., N.S. Tiliopoulos, A.H. Ipema, and M.M.W.B. Hendriks.  1999.  Dairy cow interactions with an automatic milking system starting with 'walk-through' selection.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 63:177-193.

Ketelaar-de Lauwere, C.C., M.M.W.B. Hendriks, J.H.M. Metz, , and W.G.P. Schouten.  1998.  Behaviour of dairy cows under free or forced traffic in a simulated automatic milking system environment.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 56:13-28.

Uetake, K., J.F. Humik, and L. Johnson.  1997.  Effect of music on voluntary approach of dairy cows to an automatic milking system.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 53:175-182.

Uetake, K., J.F. Hurnik, and L. Johnson.  1997.  Behavioral pattern of dairy cows milked in a two-stall automatic milking system with a holding area.  Journal of Animal Science 75:954-958.

Winter, A., and J.E. Hillerton.  1995.  Behaviour associated with feeding and milking of early lactation cows housed in an experimental automatic milking system.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 46:1-15.

Robotic Milking - Grazing

Jago, J.G., K.L. Davis, P.J. Copeman, I. Ohnstad, and M.M. Woolford.  2007.  Supplementary feeding at milking and minimum milking interval effects on cow traffic and milking performance in a pasture-based automatic milking system.  Journal of Dairy Research 74:492-499.

Sporndly, E., and E. Wredle.  2005.  Automatic milking and grazing - effects of location of drinking water on water intake, milk yield, and cow behavior.  Journal of Dairy Science 88(5):1711-1722.

Sporndly, E. and E. Wredle.  2004.  Automatic milking and grazing - effects of distance to pasture and level of supplements on milk yield and cow behavior.  Journal of Dairy Science 87:1702-1712.

Ketelaar-de Lauwere, C.C., A.H. Ipema, C. Lokhorst, J.H.M. Metz, J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, W.G.P. Schouten, A.C. Smits.  2000.  Effect of sward height and distance between pasture and barn on cows' visits to an automatic milking system and other behaviour.  Livestock Production Science 65:131-142.

Ketelaar-de Lauwere, C.C., A.H. Ipema, E.N.J. van Ouwerkerk, M.M.W.B. Hendriks, J.H.M. Metz, J.P.T.M. Noordhuizen, and W.G.P. Schouten.  1999.  Voluntary automatic milking in combination with grazing of dairy cows: milking frequency and effects on behavior.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 64:91-109.

Robotic Milking - Health & Welfare

DeVries, T. J., J.A. Deming, J. Rodenburg, G. Seguin, K.E. Leslie, and H.W. Barkema.  2011.  Association of standing and lying behavior patterns and incidence of intramammary infection in dairy cows milked with an automatic milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 94:3845–3855.  

Hovinen, M. and S. Pyörälä.  2011.  Invited review: Udder health of dairy cows in automatic milking.  Journal of Dairy Science 94:547–562.

Hovinen, M., M.D. Rasmussen, and S. Pyorala.  2009.  Udder health of cows changing from tie stalls or free stalls with conventional milking to free stalls with either conventional or automatic milking.  Journal of Dairy Science 92:3696-3703.

Abeni, F., M.G. Terzano, M. Speroni, L. Migliorati, M. Capelletti, F. Calza, L. Bianchi, and G. Pirlo.  2008.  Evaluation of milk enzymes and electrolytes, plasma metabolites, and oxidative status in twin cows milked in an automatic milking system or twice daily in a conventional milking parlor.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:3372-3384.

Gygax, L., I. Neuffer, C. Kaufmann, R. Hauser, and B. Wechsler.  2008.  Restlessness behaviour, heart rate and heart-ratevariability of dairy cows milked in two types of automatic milking systems and auto-tandem milking parlours.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109:167-179.

Abeni, F., L. Calamari, F. Calza, M. Speroni, G. Bertoni, and G. Pirlo.  2005.  Welfare assessment based on metabolic and endocrine aspects in primiparous cows milked in a parlor or with an automatic milking system.  Journal of dairy Science 88:3542-3552.

Mulder, H.A., A.F., G. DeJong, and P. Bijma.  2004.  Genotype x environment interaction for yield and somatic cell score with automatic and conventional milking systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 87:1487-1495.

Persson Waller, K., T. Westermark, T. Ekman, and K. Svennersten-Sjaunja.  2003.  Milk leakage - An increased risk in automatic milking systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:3488-3497.

Hopster, H., R.M. bruckmaier, J.T.N. Van der Werf, S.M. Korte, J. Macuhova, G. Korte-Bouws, and C.G. van Reenen.  2002.  Stress responses during milking; comparing conventional and automatic milking in primiparous dairy cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:3206-3216.

Kruip, T.A.M., H. Morice, M. Robert, and W. Ouweltjes.  2002.  Robotic milking and its effects on fertility and cell count.  Journal of Dairy Science 85(10):2576-2581.

Rasmussen, M.D., J.Y. Blom, L.A.H. Nielsen, and P. Justesen.  2001.  Udder health of cows milked automatically.  Livestock Production Science 72:147-156.

Robotic Milking - Technology

Davis, K.L., W.J. Fulkerson, S.C. Garcia, D. Dickeson, and I.M. Barchia.  2008.  Premilking teat preparation for Australian pasture-based cows milked by an automated milking system.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:2604-2609.

Gygax, L., I. Neuffer, C. Kaufmann, R. Hauser, and B. Wechsler.  2007.  Comparison of functional aspects in two automatic milking systems and auto-tandem milking parlors.  Journal of Dairy Science 90:4265-4274.

Jago, J.G., K.L. Davis, P.J. Copeman, and M.M. Woolford.  2006.  The effect of pre-milking teat-brushing on milk processing time in an automated milking system.  Journal of Dairy Research 73:187-192.

Artmann, R.  1997.  Sensor systems for milking robots.  Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:19-40.

Hillerton, J.E.  1997.  Milking equipment for robotic milking.  Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:41-51.

Mottram, T.  1997.  Requirements for teat inspection and cleaning in automatic milking systems.  Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 17:63-77.

Pasture Dairy

Winsten, J.R., A. Richardson, C.D. Kerchner, A. Lichau, and J.M. Hyman.  2010.  Barriers to the adoption of management-intensive grazing among dairy farmers in the Northeastern United States.  Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26(2):104–113.

Gregorini, P., C.E.F. Clark, J.G. Jago, C.B. Glassey, K.L.M. McLeod, and A.J. Romera.  2009.  Restricting time on pasture: Effects on dairy cow herbage intake, foraging behavior, hunger-related hormones, and metabolite concentration during the first grazing season.  Journal of Dairy Sceince 92:4572-4580.

Kay, J.K., C.V.C. Phyn, J.R. Roche, and E.S. Kolver.  2009.  Extending lactation in pasture-based dairy cows.  II: Effect of genetic strain and diet on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations.  Journal of Dairy Science 92:3704-3713.

Legrand, A.L., M.A.G. von Keyserlingk, and D.M. Weary.  2009.  Preference and usage of pasture versus free-stall housing by lactating dairy cattle.  Journal of Dairy Science 92:3651-3658.

Beukes, P.C., C.C. Palliser, K.A. Macdonald, J.A.S. Lancaster, G. Levy, B.S. Thorrold, and M.E. Wastney.  2008.  Evaluation of a whole-farm model for pasture-based dairy systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:2353-2360.

Brock, C. and B. Barham.  2008.  Farm structural change of a different kind: Alternative dairy farms in Wisconsin - graziers, organic and Amish.  Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 24(1):25-37.

Fulkerson, W.J., T.M. Davison, S.C. Garcia, G. Hough, M.E. Goddard, R. Dobos, and M. Blockey.  2008.  Holstein-Friesian dairy cows under a predominantly grazing system: interaction between genotype and environment.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:826-839.

Macdonald, K.A., J.W. Penno, J.A.S. Lancaster, and J.R. Roche.  2008.  Effect of stocking rate on pasture production, milk production, and reproduction of dairy cows in pasture-based systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:2151-2163.

Pedernera, M., S.C. Garcia, A. Horagadoga, I. Barchia, W.J. Fulkerson.  2008.  Energy balance and reproduction on dairy cows fed to achieve low or high milk production on a pasture-based system.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:3896-3907.

Tucker, C.B., A.R. Rogers, K.E. Schutz.  2008.  Effect of solar radiation on dairy cattle behaviour, use of shade and body temperature in a pasture-based system.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 109:141-154.

Kolver, E.S., J.R. Roche, C.R. Burke, J.K. Kay, and P.W. Aspin.  2007.  Extending lactation in pasture-based dairy cows: I. Genotype and diet effect on milk and reproduction.  Journal of Dairy Science 90:5518-5530.

Roche, J.R., J.M. Lee, K.A. Macdonald, and D.P. Berry.  2007.  Relationships among body condition score, body weight, and milk production variables in pasture-based dairy cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 90:3802-3815.

Wright Morton, L. and L. Miller.  2007.  Connecting Sustainable Agriculture to Rural Development: The Case of Pasture-Based Dairy Grazing.  Journal of the Community Development Society 38(3): 23-38.

Clark, D.A., C.V.C. Phyn, M.J. Tong, S.J. Collis, and D.E. Dalley.  2006.  A systems comparison of once- versus twice-daily milking of pasture dairy cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 89:1854-1862.

Fontaneli, R.S., L.E. Sollenberger, R.C. Littell, and C.R. Staples.  2005.  Performance of lactating dairy cows managed on pasture-based or in freestall barn-feeding systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 88:1264-1276.

Parsons, R.L., A.E. Luloff, and G.D. Hanson.  2004.  Can we identify key characteristics associated with grazing-management dairy systems from survey data?  Journal of Dairy Science 87:2748-2760.

Fike, J.H., C.R. Staples, L.E. Sollenberger, J.E. Moore, and H.H. Head.  2002.  Southeastern pasture-based dairy systems: housing, posilac, and supplemental silage effects on cow performance.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:866-878.

Fredeen, A.H., T. Astatkie, R.W. Jannasch, and R.C. Martin.  2002.  Productivity of grazing Holstein cows in Atlantic Canada.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:1331-1338.

White, S.L., G.A. Benson, S.P. Washburn, and J.T. Green, Jr.  2002.  Milk production and economic measures in confinement or pasture systems using seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:95-104.

Winsten, J.R., R.L.Parsons, and G.D. Hanson.  2000.  Differentiated dairy grazing intensity in the Northeast.  Journal of Dairy Sceince 83:836-842.

Pasture Dairy - Grazing Systems

Auldist, M.J., G.O'Brien, D. Cole, K.L. Macmillan, and C. Grainger.  2007.  Effects of varying lactation length on milk production capacity of cows in pasture-based dairying systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 90:3234-3241.

Kristensen, T., K. Soegaard, and I. Sillebak Kristensen.  2005.  Management of grasslands in intensive dairy livestock farming.  Livestock Production Science 96:61-73.

Washburn, S.P., S.L. White, J.T. Green, Jr., and G.A. Benson.  2002.  Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition of seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows in confinemebt or pasture systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:105-111.

McCall, D.G., D.A. Clark, L.J. Stachurski, J.W. Penno, A.M. Bryant, and B.J. Ridler.  1999.  Optimized dairy grazing systems in the Northeast United States and New Zealand. I. Model description and evaluation.  Journal of dairy Science 82:1795-1807.

Pasture Dairy - Health & Welfare

Olmos, G., J.F. Mee, A. Hanlon, J. Patton, J.J. Murphy, and L. Boyle.  2009.  Periparum health and welfare of Holstein-Friesian cows in a confinement-TMR system compared to a pasture-based system.  Animal Welfare 18:467-476.

Ohgi, T., S. Hara, T. Ozeki, M. Fujita, O. Sakai, H. Kashuya, A. Doukoshi, and K. Nishimura.  2006.  Feed intake, lactation performance, blood metabolites and fertility in early lactation dairy cows grazing a timothy pasture.  Animal Science Journal 77:215-222.

Regula, G., J. Danuser, B. Spycher, B. Wechsler.  2004.  Health and welfare of dairy cows in different husbandry systems in Switzerland.  Preventive Veterinary Medicine 66:247-264.

Roche, J.R., D. Dalley, P. Moate, C. grainger, M. Rath, and F. O'Mara.  2003.  Dietary cation-anion difference and the health and production of pasture-fed dairy cows. 1. Dairy cows in early lactation.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:970-978.

Roche, J.R., D. Dalley, P. Moate, C. Grainger, M. Rath, and F. O'Mara.  2003.  Dietary cation-anion difference and the health and production of pasture-fed dairy cows 2. Nonlactating periparturient cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:979-987.

Roche, J.R., D. Dalley, P. Moate, C. Grainger, M. Rath, and F. O'Mara.  2003.  A low dietary cation-anion difference precalving and calcium supplementation postcalving increase plasma calcium but not milk production in a pasture-based system.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:2658-2666.

Washburn, S.P., S.L. White, J.T. Green, Jr., and G.A. Benson.  2002.  Reproduction, mastitis, and body condition of seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows in confinement or pasture systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:105-111.

Goldenberg, J.J., E.E. Wildman, J.W. Pankey, J.R. Kunkel, D.B. Howard, and B.M. Murphy.  1992.  THe influence of intensively managed rotational grazing, traditional continuous grazing, and confinement housing on bulk tank milk quality and udder health.  Journal of Dairy Science 75:96-104.

Pasture Dairy - Milk Composition

Wales, W.J., E.S. Kolver, A.R. Egan, and J.R. Roche.  2009.  Effects of strain of Holstein-Friesian and concentrate supplementation on the fatty acid composition of milk fat of dairy cows grazing pasture in early lactation.  Journal of Dairy Science 92:247-255.

Elgersma, A., S. Tamminga, and G. Ellen.  2006.  Review: Modifying milk composition through forage.  Animal Feed Science and Technology 131:207-225.

Schroeder, G.F., J.E. Delahoy, I. Vidaurreta, F. Bargo, G.A. Gagliostro, and L.D. Muller.  2003.  Milk fatty acid composition of cows fed a total mixed ration or pasture plus concentrates replacing corn with fat.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:3237-3248.

Dhiman, T.R., G.R. Anand, L.D. Satter, and M.W. Pariza.  1999.  Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets.  Journal of Dairy Science 82:2146-2156.

Kelly, M.L., E.S. Kolver, D.E. Bauman, M.E. Van Amburgh, and L.D. Muller.  1998.  Effect of intake of pasture on concentrations of conjugated linoleic acid in milk of lactating cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 81:1630-1636

Pasture Dairy - Breeding & Genetics

Coleman, J., K.M. Pierce, D.P. Berry, A. Brennan, and B. Horan.  2010.  Increasing milk solids production across lactation through genetic selection and intensive pasture-based feed system.  Journal of Dairy Science 93:4302-4317.

Coleman, J., D.P. Berry, K.M. Pierce, A. Brennan, and B. Horan.  2010.  Dry matter intake and feed efficiency profiles of 3 genotypes of Holstein-Friesian within pasture-based systems of milk production.  Journal of Dairy Science 93:4318-4331.

Macdonald, K.A., G.A. Verkerk, B.S. Thorrold, J.E. Pryce, J.W. Penno, L.R. McNaughton, L.J. Burton, J.A.S. Lancaster, J.H. Williamson, and C.W. Holmes.  2008.  A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian grazed on pasture and managed under different feed allowances.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:1693-1707.

Macdonald, K.A., L.R. McNaughton, G.A. Verkerk, J.W. Penno, L.J. Burton, D.P. Berry, P.J.S. Gore, J.A.S. Lancaster, and C.W. Holmes.  2007.  A comparison of three strains of Holstein-Friesian cows grazed on pasture: growth, development, and puberty.  Journal of Dairy Science 90:3993-4003.

McCarthy, S., B. Horan, P. Dillon, P. O'Connor, M. Rath, and L. Shalloo.  2007.  Economic comparison of divergent strains of Holstein-Friesian cows in various pasture-based production systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 90:1493-1505.

Roche, J.R., D.P. Berry, and E.S. Kolver.  2006.  Holstein-Friesian strain and feed effects on milk production, body weight, and body condition score profiles in grazing dairy cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 89:3532-3543.

Simm, G., J. Conington, S.C. Bishop, C.M. Dwyer, and S. Pattinson.  1996.  Genetic selection for extensive conditions.  Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49:47-59.

Pasture Dairy - Nutrient Management / Environment

Perlut, N.G. and A.M. Strong.  2011.  Grassland birds and rotational-grazing in the northeast: breeding ecology, survival and management opportunities.  The Journal of Wildlife Management 75(3):715–720.

Berges, S.A., L.A. Schulte Moore, T.M. Isenhart, and R.C. Schultz.  2010. Bird species diversity in riparian buffers, row crop fields, and grazed pastures within agriculturally dominated watersheds.  Agroforestery Systems 79:97–110.

Verloop, J., L. J. M. Boumans, H. van Keulen, J. Oenema, G. J. Hilhorst, H. F. M. Aarts, and L. B. J. Sebek. 2006. Reducing nitrate leaching to groundwater in an intensive dairy farming system. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 74(1):59–74.

Webb, J., S. G. Anthony, L. Brown, H. Lyons-Visser, C. Ross, B. Cottrill, P. Johnson, and D. Scholefield. 2005. The impact of increasing the length of the cattle grazing season on emissions and ammonia and nitrous oxide and on nitrate leaching in England and Wales. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 105(1-2):307–321.

McGechan, M.B. and C.F.E. Topp, 2004.  Modeling environmental impacts of deposition of excreted nitrogen by grazing dairy cows. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103(1):149-164.

Owens, L. B., and J. V. Bonta. 2004. Reduction of nitrate leaching with haying or grazing and omission of nitrogen fertilizer.  Journal of Environmental Quality 33(4):1230–1237.

Stout, W.L., S. L. Fales, L. D. Muller, R. R. Schnabel, G. F. Elwinger and S. R. Weaver.  2000.  Assessing the Effect of Management Intensive Grazing on Water Quality in the Northeast U.S. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55(2): 238-243.

Stout, W. L., S. L. Fales, L. D. Muller, R. R. Schnabel, and S. R. Weaver. 2000. Water quality implications of nitrate leaching from intensively grazed pasture swards in the northeast US.  Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 77(3):203—210.

Dairy - Life Cycle Analysis / Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Bertrand, S. and J. Barnett.  2011.  Standard method for determining the carbon footprint of dairy products reduces confusion.  Animal Frontiers 1(1):14-18.

Crosson, P., L. Shalloo, D. O’Brien, G.J. Lanigan, P.A. Foley, T.M. Boland,D.A. Kenny.  2011.  A review of whole farm systems models of greenhouse gas emissions from beef and dairy cattle production systems.  Animal Feed Science and Technology 166–167:29–45.

Dijkstra, J., O. Oenema, and A. Bannink.  2011.  Dietary strategies to reducing N excretion from cattle: implications for methane emissions.  Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 3:414–422.

Grainger, C., and K.A. Beauchemin.  2011.  Can enteric methane emissions from ruminants be lowered without lowering their production?  Animal Feed Science and Technology 166–167:308– 320.

Lassey, K.R., C.S. Pinares-Patino, R.J. Martin, G. Molano, A.M.S. McMillan.  2011.  Enteric methane emission rates determined by the SF6 tracer technique: Temporal patterns and averaging periods.  Animal Feed Science and Technology 166–167:183–191.

Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A. and N. Maheri-Sis.  2011.  Factors affecting mitigation of methane emission from ruminants I: Feeding strategies.  Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 6(9):888-809.

O’Brien, D., L. Shalloo, F. Buckley, B. Horan, C. Grainger, M. Wallace.  2011.  The effect of methodology on estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from grass-based dairy systems.  Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 141: 39–48.

O’Neill, B. F., M. H. Deighton, B. M. O’Loughlin , F. J. Mulligan, T. M. Boland, M. O’Donovan, and E. Lewis.  2011.  Effects of a perennial ryegrass diet or total mixed ration diet offered to spring-calving Holstein-Friesian dairy cows on methane emissions, dry matter intake, and milk production.  Journal of Dairy Science 94:1941–1951.

Ellis, J. L., A. Bannink, J. France, E. Kebreab and J. Dijkstra.  2010.  Evaluation of enteric methane prediction equations for dairy cows used in whole farm models.  Global Change Biology 16:3246–3256.

Luo, J., C.A.M. de Klein, S.F. Ledgard, S. Saggar.  2010.  Management options to reduce nitrous oxide emissions from intensively grazed pastures: A review.  Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 136:282–291.

O’Brien, D., L. Shalloo, C. Grainger, F. Buckley, B. Horan, and M. Wallace.  2010.  The influence of strain of Holstein-Friesian cow and feeding system on greenhouse gas emissions from pastoral dairy farms.  Journal of Dairy Science 93:3390–3402.

Rotz , C.A., F. Montes , and D.S. Chianese.  2010.  The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment.  Journal of Dairy Science 93:1266–1282.

Wims, C. M., M. H. Deighton , E. Lewis , B. O’Loughlin , L. Delaby , T. M. Boland , and M. O’Donovan.  2010.  Effect of pregrazing herbage mass on methane production, dry matter intake, and milk production of grazing dairy cows during the mid-season period.  Journal of Dairy Science 93:4976–4985.

Arsenault, N., P. Tyedmers, and A. Fredeen.  2009.  Comparing the environmental impacts of pasture-based and confinement-based dairy systems in Nova Scotia (Canada) using life cycle assessment.  International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7(1):19–41.

Chianese, D. S., C. A. Rotz, T. L. Richard.  2009.  Whole‐farm greenhouse gas emissions: a review with application to a Pennsylvania dairy farm.  Applied Engineering in Agriculture 25(3):431‐442.

Chianese, D. S., C. A. Rotz, T. L. Richard.  2009.  Simulation of carbon dioxide emissions from dairy farms to assess greenhouse gas reduction strategies. Transactions of the ASABE 52(4):1301-1312.

Chianese, D. S., C. A. Rotz, T. L. Richard.  2009.  Simulation of methane emissions from dairy farms to assess greenhouse gas reduction strategies.  Transactions of the ASABE 52(4):1313-1323.

Chianese, D. S., C. A. Rotz, T. L. Richard.  2009.  Simulation of nitrous oxide emissions from dairy farms to assess greenhouse gas reduction strategies.  Transactions of the ASABE 52(4):1325-1335.

Beauchemin, K.A., M. Kreuzer, F. O’Mara and T. A. McAllister.  2008.  Nutritional management for enteric methane abatement: a review.  Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48:21–27.

Cavanagh, A., L. McNaughton, H. Clark, C. Greaves, J.M. Gowan, C. Pinares-Patino, D. Dalley, B. Vlaming and G. Molano.  2008.  Methane emissions from grazing Jersey×Friesian dairy cows in mid lactation.  Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48: 230–233.

Grainger, C., M.J. Auldist, T. Clarke, K.A. Beauchemin, S.M. McGinn, M.C. Hannah, R.J. Eckard, and L.B. Lowe.  2008.  Use of monensin controlled-release capsules to reduce methane emissions and improve milk production of dairy cows offered pasture supplemented with grain.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:1159-1165.

Thomassen, M.A., K.J. van Calker, M.C.J. Smits, G.L. Iepema, I.J.M. de Boer.  2008.  Life cycle assessment of conventional and organic milk production in the Netherlands.  Agricultural Systems 96:95–107.

Lassey, K.R.  2007.  Livestock methane emission: From the individual grazing animal through national inventories to the global methane cycle.  Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 142(2-4):120-132.

Pinares-Patino, C.S., P. D’Hour, J.P. Jouany, C. Martin.  2007.  Effects of stocking rate on methane and carbon dioxide emissions from grazing cattle.  Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 121(1-2):30-46.

Casey, J. W., and N. M. Holden.  2005.  The Relationship between Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Intensity of Milk Production in Ireland.  Journal of Environmental Quality 34:429–436.

Lovett, D.K., L.J. Stack, S. Lovell, J. Callan, B. Flynn, M. Hawkins, and F.P. O'Mara.  2005.  Manipulating enteric methane emissions and animal performance of late-lactating dairy cows through concentrate supplementation at pasture.  Journal of Dairy Science 88:2836-2842.

Saggar, S., R.M. Andrew, K.R. Tate, C.B. Hedley, N.J. Rodda, and J.A. Townsend.  2004.  Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from dairy-grazed pastures.  Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 68:243-255.

Haas, G., F. Wetterich, U. Köpke.  2001.  Comparing intensive, extensified and organic grassland farming in southern Germany by process life cycle assessment. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 83:43–53.

Harper, L. A., O. T. Denmead, J. R. Freney, and F. M. Byers. 1999.  Direct measurements of methane emissions from grazing and feedlot cattle. Journal of Animal Science 77(6):1392–1401.

Johnson, K.A., and D.E. Johnson.  1995.  Methane emissions from cattle.  Journal of Animal Science 73:2483-2492.

Williams, D.J.  1993.  Methane emissions from manure of free-range dairy cows. Chemosphere 26(1-4):179-187.

Pasture Dairy - Nutrition

Vibart, R.E., V. Fellner, J.C. Burns, G.B. Huntington, and J.T. Green, jr.  2008.  Performance of lactating dairy cows fed varying levels of total mixed ration and pasture.  Journal of Dairy Research 75:471-480.

Penno, J.W., K.A. Macdonald, C.W. Holmes, S.R. Davis, G.F. Wilson, I.M. Brookes, and E.R. Thom.  2006.  Responses to supplementation by dairy cows given low pasture allowances in different seasons 1. Pasture intake and substitution.  Animal Sceince 82:661-670.

Sairanen, A., H. Khalili, J.I. Nousiainen, S. Ahvenjarvi, and P. Huhtanen.  2005.  The effect of concentrate supplementation on nutrient flow to the omasum in dairy cows recieving freshley cut grass.  Journal of Dairy Science 88:1443-1453.

Cherney, D.J.R., J.H. Cherney, and L.E. Chase.  2004.  Lactation performance of Holstein cows fed fescue, orchardgrass, or alfalfa silage.  Journal of Dairy Science 87:2268-2276.

Waghorn, G.C. and D.A. Clark.  2004.  Feeding value of pastures for ruminants.  New Zealand Veterinary Journal 52(6):320-331.

Bargo, F., L.D. Muller, E.S. Kolver, and J.E. Delahoy.  2003.  Invited Review: Production and digestion of supplemented dairy cows on pasture.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:1-42.

Bargo, F., G.A. Varga, L.D. Muller, and E.S. Kolver.  2003.  Pasture intake and substitution rate effect on nutrient digestion and nitrogen metabolism during continuous culture fermentation.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:1330-1340.

Delahoy, J.E., L.D. Muller, F. Bargo, T.W. Cassidy, and L.A. Holden.  2003.  Supplemental carbohydrate sources for lactating dairy cows on pasture.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:906-915.

Fike, J.H., C.R. Staples, L.E. Sollenberger, B. Macoon, and J.E. Moore.  2003.  Pasture forages, supplementation rate, and stocking rate effects on dairy cow performance.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:1268-1281.

Kolver, E.S.  2003.  Nutritional limitations to increased production on pasture-based systems.  Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 62:291-300.

Bargo, F., L.D. Muller, J.E. Delahoy, and T.W. Cassidy.  2002.  Performance of high producing dairy cows with three different feeding systems combining pasture and total mixed rations.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:2948-2963.

Soder, K.J. and C.A. Rotz.  2001.  Economic and environmental impacts of four levels of concentrate supplementaion in grazing dairy herds.  Journal of Dairy Science 84:2560-2572.

Soriano, F.D., C.E. Polan, and C.N. Miller.  2001.  Supplementing pasture to lactating Holsteins fed a total mixed ration diet.  Journal of Dairy Science 84:2460-2468.

Reis, R.B. and D.K. Combs.  2000.  Effects of increasing levels of grain supplementation on rumen environment and lactation performance of dairy cows grazing grass-legume pasture.  Journal of Dairy Science 83:2888-2898.

Kolver, E.S., and L.D. Muller.  1998.  Performance and nutrient intake of high producing Holstein cows consuming pasture or a total mixed ration.  Journal of Dairy Science 81:1403-1411.

Kolver, E.S., L.D. Muller, M.C. Barry, and J.W. Penno.  1998.  Evaluation and application of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protien System for dairy cows fed diets based on pasture.  Journal of Dairy Science 81:2029-2039.

Kolver, E., L.D. Muller, G.A. Varga, and T.J. Cassidy.  1998.  Synchronization of ruminal degradation of supplemental carbohydrate with pasture nitrogen in lactating dairy cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 81:2017-2028.

Berzaghi, P., J.H. Herbein, and C.E. Polan.  1996.  Intake, site, and extent of nutrient digestion of lactating cows grazing pasture.  Journal of Dairy Science 79:1581-1589.

Holden, L.A., L.D. Muller, G.A. Varga, and P.J. Hillard.  1994.  Ruminal digestion and duodenal nutrient flows in dairy cows consuming grass as pasture, hay, silage.  Journal of Dairy Science 77:3034-3042.

Pasture Dairy - Pasture Management

Hudson, D.J., R.H. Leep, T.S. Dietz, A. Ragavendran, and A. Kravchenko.  2010.  Integrated warm- and cool-season grass and legume pastures: I. Seasonal forage dynamics.  Agronomy Journal 102:303-309.

Lee, J.M., D.J. Donaghy, and J.R. Roche.  2008.  Short communication: Effect of postgrazing residual pasture height on milk production.  Journal of Dairy Science 91: 4307-4311.

Macdonald, K.A., J.W. Penno, J.A.S. Lancaster, and J.R. Roche.  2008.  Effect of stocking rate on pasture production, milk production, and reproduction of dairy cows in pasture-based systems.  Journal of Dairy Science 91:2151-2162.

Sanderson, M.A., K.J. Soder, L.D. Muller, K.D. Klement, R.H. Skinner, and S.C. Goslee.  2005.  Forage mixture productivity and botanical composition in pastures grazed by dairy cattle.  Agronomy Journal 97:1465-1471.

Taweel, H.Z., B.M. Tas, J. Dijkstra, and S. Tamminga.  2004.  Intake regulation and grazing behavior of dairy cows under continuous stocking.  Journal of Dairy Science 87:3417-3427.

Phillips, C.J.C. and M.I. Rind.  2001.  THe effects on production and behavior of mixing uniparous and multiparous cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 84:2424-2429.

Pasture Dairy - Profitability / Economics

Gillespie, J., R. Nehring, C. Hallahan, C. Sandretto.  2009.  Pasture-based dairy systems: Who are the producers and are their operations more profitable than conventional dairies?  Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 34(3):412-427.

Tozer, P.R., F. Bargo, and L.D. Muller.  2003.  Economic analyses of feeding systems combining pasture and total mixed ration.  Journal of Dairy Science 86:808-818.

Gloy, B., L. Tauer, and C. Knoblauch.  2002.  Profitability of grazing versus mechanical forage harvesting on New York dairy farms.  Journal of Dairy Science 85(9):2215-2222.

White, S.L., G.A. Benson, S.P. Washburn, and J.T. Green, Jr.  2002.  Milk production and economic measures in confinement or pasture systems using seasonally calved Holstein and Jersey cows.  Journal of Dairy Science 85:95-104.

Dartt, B.A., J.W. Lloyd, B.R. Radke, J.R. Black, and J.B. Kaneene.  1999.  A comparison of profitability and economic efficiencies between management-intensive grazing and conventionally managed dairies in Michigan.  Journal of Dairy Science 82:2412-2420.

Parker, W.J., L.D. Muller, and D.R. Buckmaster.  1992.  Management and economic implications of intensive grazing on dairy farms in the northeastern state.  Journal of Dairy Science 75:2587-2597.